Criminology

Test 1 - REVIEW

Spring 2011

CH 1

DEF: Excuses, justifications, and sanctions

Status offenses

Theoretical perspectives on crime

consensus

classical

conflict

social constructionist

Those primarily responsible for establishing the frame of reference within which the crime issue is discussed are:

Problems with engaging in comparative research on crime

Philadelphia cohort studies, Marvin Wolfgang and his colleagues

CH2

The classical school of criminology

Positivism

A national system of crime statistics based on police reports was developed in the United States around:

The FBI's annual Crime in the United States Uniform Crime Reports
                The FBI justifies its presentation of more detail on Part I (crime index) offenses by claiming that those crimes:
                the FBI's eight Part I (crime index) offenses?
                Which of the following is a criticism of FBI crime statistics?
                The FBI's crime index rate:
                Gathering crime statistics from local police departments and state reporting programs
                If multiple crimes are committed during the same crime incident, the FBI instructs local police departments to

The clearance rate

Proactive police work.

Victims are especially likely to report crimes to the police when:
                What are the reason that citizens fail to report crimes to the police?

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS):

Self-report surveys:

                the amount of crime that people report

                findings of self report stuides

                an important problem with research using self-report surveys?

The dark figure

CH 3

Kinds of “costs of crime”

Direct loss

Transfer of property

Costs related to criminal violence

Illegal expenditures

Enforcement costs

Prevention and protection costs

Most murders involve an offender and a victim (relat by)

Race

Gender

Relationship

DEF of crimes:
Aggravated assault differs from simple assault.
Burglary

Carjacking

Larceny

Fraud
Robbery
                A robbery victim is least likely to be injured by a robber who

Victim characteristic included in hate-crime laws?

White-collar crime

                introduced the concept
                The annual cost of white-collar crime (compared to convent. Crime)

Victimless crimes

CH 4

Cross-national crime rates:

As a nation develops economically, the fastest increase in crime rates is usually for:
Which of the following countries has the highest murder rate?
Which region of the United States has the highest homicide rate?

Differences among racial and ethnic groups in incarceration rates (what are they why)

Crime rates in the United States:

                fell most dramatically during the:
                began to increase significantly around

Age differences in crime rates