Criminology
FINAL EXAM - REVIEW
Spring 2011
CH 1
Status offenses
Theoretical perspectives on crime
consensus
classical
conflict
social
constructionist
CH2
The classical school of criminology
Positivism
The FBI's annual Crime in the United States Uniform Crime Reports
the FBI's eight Part I (crime index) offenses?
Which of the following is a criticism of FBI crime statistics?
The FBI's crime index rate:
If multiple crimes are committed during the same crime incident…
The FBI justifies its presentation of more detail on Part I (crime index)
offenses by…
Victims are especially likely to report crimes to the police when:
What are the reason that citizens fail to report crimes to the police?
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Self-report surveys:
the amount of crime that people report
findings of self report stuides
an important problem with research using self-report surveys?
The dark figure
CH 3
DEF of crimes:
Aggravated assault differs from simple assault.
Burglary
Carjacking
Larceny
Fraud
Robbery
A robbery victim is least likely to be injured by a robber who
White-collar crime
introduced the concept
The annual cost of white-collar crime (compared to convent. Crime)
CH 4
Crime rates in the
fell most dramatically during the:
began to increase significantly around
Age differences in crime rates
CH 5
Phrenologists & Physiognomists
Lombroso & atavisms
Influence of
Moffitt: Adolescent-limited delinquents & life-course-persistent
Biological research on sex differences
Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime
Low self-control is
associated with…
Why do people have low self control?
VIDEO: NEW ASYLUMS
_____ percent of inmates
appear to be mentally ill.
Mentally ill inmates were
given how much medicine upon their release?
CH 6
DEF: White collar crime
Why is it difficult to assess blame in white-collar crime?
Social Structures and Conventional Crime:
Modernization
Economies and opportunities
Unemployment
Culture
Relative deprivation
Anomie & Strain
Robert Merton's modes of adaptation to the social structure?
innovation
retreatism
conformity
rebellion
ritualism
Changes in unemployment rates and crime
General strain theory
CH 7
Techniques of neutralization
denial of injury
condemnation of the condemners
denial of the responsibility
appeal to higher loyalties
Elements of a
Life Course Perspective
Trajectories
Transitions
Gottfredson and
C
The influence of machismo on crimes of violence against women can be seen in
murders committed in “legitimate defense of honor” in:
The idea that prisons are “schools of crime”
DEF: Differential association theory
When/how are associations more powerful?
Criticisms
Differential identification theory
Rational-choice theory
Social learning Theory
Containment theory
Labeling Theory
primary deviance/deviation
secondary deviance/deviation
Status-degradation ceremonies
CH 9
Routine activities theory
Elements of
Guardianship of property
Factors in choosing targets:
Form of the property
Value of the property
Target vulnerability
Likelihood of victim
resistance
Victim proneness:
precipitation /
provocation
instigation/ perpetration
facilitation
vulnerability/invitation
cooperation
attractiveness
impunity
The drugs-crime relationship
Explanation for the increase in firearms violence by young people between 1984
and 1993
CH 10
Compare/contrast criminal careers and legitimate careers
Criminologists reasons for and against criminal career research
Developmental criminology
Criminal contingencies
The “zigzag path”
Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin's Cohort I study found….
Compare findings of Cohorts I and II
Sampson and Laub's research on crime over the life course
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi's low self-control theory of crime
Neal Shover’s model of exiting a criminal career
Interpersonal and orientational change
Modified calculus
Theories on exiting crime
differential association
Anomie/ differential opportunity
the labeling perspective
social control theory
CH 11
primary and secondary groups
networks
aggregates
bureaucracy
Organization of professional thieves
business
picaresque
craft
project
What Mary McIntosh refers to as a “business organization” of professional
criminals is more commonly called:
Jablonsky:
the violent gang
the social gang
the delinquent gang
Gottfredson and Hirschi on gangs
CH 15
Approach to the crime problem/ causes and solutions:
Radical
Liberal
Conservative
The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
emphasized reducing crime by___
stressed the __________ approach to crime
Issues during the following elections:
1968/1972/1988/1992/1996/2000
The 1994 Brady Act
“Overreach” of the criminal law is a term most often applied to…
Those who oppose / advocate the decriminalization of drugs claim that
“Shield laws”
During the 1990s, when American crime rates fell sharply, the number of
prisoners in the country______
Criminology Theories: Study list for tests
CH 5: Biological and
Psychological
·
Gene Based
Evolutionary (Ellis and Walsh)
·
Biological
Characteristics (Rowe)
·
Personality (Caspi
et al.; ALSO SEE TEXT)
CH 6: Social, Cultural, and
Economic Sources
·
Relative
Deprivation
·
Classical Anomie/
Classical Strain Theory (Merton)
·
General Strain
Theory (Agnew)
·
Social Isolation
(Sampson and Wilson)
·
Institutional
–Anomie Theory (Rossenfeld and Messner)
CH 7: Social Control
·
Techniques of
Neutralization (Sykes and Matza)
·
Social Control
Theory (Hirschi)
·
Age Graded
Informal Social Control Theory (Sampson and Laub)
CH 10: Criminal Careers
·
Developmental Life
Course Criminology
·
General Theory of
Crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi)
CH 8: Learning Theories
·
Differential
Association (Sutherland)
·
Differential
Identification
·
Social Learning
Theory (Akers and Burgess)
·
Social Structural
Social Learning Theory (Akers)
·
Labeling Theory
·
Containment Theory
·
Rational Choice
CH 9: Opportunities
·
Routine Activities
Theory
·
Victim
Precipitation