Run-time Stack

There is a finite amount of memory, even in the best computer systems. So it is possible to push more words than there are words of memory. Usually this would be the result of an infinite loop because when a program is first entered the operating system gives it space for a very large stack.

The picture shows how a typical operating system arranges memory when a program starts. There are four gigabytes of (virtual) memory available in total. The section of memory from 0x10000000 to 0x7FFFFFFF is available for the data segment and the stack segment. This is 1.8 Gigabytes of space.

When the program is started the stack pointer ($sp) is initialized to 0x7FFFFFFF. As the program runs, the stack grows downward into the available space. The data segment grows upward as the program runs. Of course, in a dynamic program, the segments grow and shrink. If the combined size of the segments exceeds the available space their boundaries will meet somewhere in the middle of the range. When this happens there is no memory left.

Another (inferior) way of arranging memory might be to have half the space 0x10000000 to 0x7FFFFFFF allocated to the stack and half the space allocated to data. But now the stack could grow too large for its allocated space, even if there was a tiny data segment that used little of its space.