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Common Argument Organizations |
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Name |
Toulmin |
Rogerian |
Classical |
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Audience |
Neutral to Receptive |
Neutral to Hostile |
Mixed |
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Assumptions |
no need to rebut can place thesis (central claim) at beginning (deductive strategy) or at end (inductive strategy) |
must start from common ground must withhold arguer’s own opposing viewpoint as long as possible must show respect for audience’s viewpoint should try to lead to reasonable compromise |
believes that power of logic can overcome objections relies a great deal on facts uses one (or more) of four formal rebuttal strategies ends with call to support the arguer’s position |
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Order |
some flexibility to order |
fixed order |
fixed order |
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Common Parts |
Attention getter Central claim Supporting claims with evidence Powerful conclusion |
Common ground Respectful statement of audience’s viewpoint Careful exploration of why that viewpoint may have limitations Finally state’s arguer’s viewpoint and suggests compromise position |
Introduction/Narration Confirmation (thesis and support) Rebuttal Strong conclusion |
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Persuasive Strategies |
Relies on ethos (character) and logos (facts and logic) |
Topics usually involve strong belief or emotion, so arguer must be aware of pathos (emotion) |
Relies most strongly on logos (facts, logic, those things which can be proven or demonstrated) |